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Minutes of a meeting of Avebury Parish Council held on the 15th March 2011 at The Social Centre, High Street, Avebury SN8 1RF

c. Avebury Solstice Operational Planning Meeting:

(i) Policing will effectively be the same as last year despite the Swindon Music Festival. The police will have air and public order support. There will be police bikes, a passive drug dog, tow truck and two drop bins at the campsite and pub. The Police are encouraging a family event. Inspector Andy Noble will talk to people in the village if there are any concerns.
(ii) Problems are more likely Mon/Tues (20 and 21 June) than Tues/Wed due to people en route to Stonehenge.
(iii) Land incursions – police can only act if a breach of the peace occurs.
(iv) The campsite will be open 9.00 Monday to 14:00 Wednesday.
(v) Policing 6.00 Monday to 23:00 Wednesday
(vi) Parking in Manor grounds 20.00 on Monday to 10.00 Tuesday
(vii) Kevin Oliver Wiltshire Council Events Manager is looking at what can be done for West Kennett.
(viii) Silbury car park closed 18:00 to 10:00 on Monday and Tuesday
(ix) It is not yet known if the Glebe field will be available this year: approximately 30 campers were turned away last year

Draft minutes of a meeting of Avebury Parish Council held on the 19th April 2011 at The Social Centre, High Street, Avebury SN8 1RF

•Glebe Field: Minute ref. 11c. The Chairman confirmed that the Glebe field will not be available for Solstice camping.

aveburyparishcouncil.org/minutes2011.html

Information on past campsite consultancy

nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-avebury_camp_consult.pdf

Jim Leary, who led the recent archaeological investigations for English Heritage at nearby Silbury Hill, and is co-author of the recently published The Story of Silbury Hill, coordinated EH’s contribution to the investigation of Marlborough Mound, the initial results from which have been made public today.

More here – heritageaction.wordpress.com/2011/05/31/the-marlborough-mound-prehistoric-origins-confirmed/

“Fractured human remains found on a German river bank could provide the first compelling evidence of a major Bronze Age battle.

Archaeological excavations of the Tollense Valley in northern Germany unearthed fractured skulls, wooden clubs and horse remains dating from around 1200 BC.

The injuries to the skulls suggest face-to-face combat in a battle perhaps fought between warring tribes, say the researchers.

The paper, published in the journal Antiquity, is based primarily on an investigation begun in 2008 of the Tollense Valley site, which involved both ground excavations and surveys of the riverbed by divers.”

Full article: bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13469861

“A flint axe, recovered on a stretch of shore in St Ola, looks like being the oldest man-made artefact found in Orkney to date.

Dating from the Palaeolithic period of prehistory, the axe could therefore be anything between 100,000 and 450,000 years old.”

Full story: orkneyjar.com/archaeology/2011/05/26/flint-axe-found-on-orkney-shore-predates-the-ice-age/

Slightly outside of TMA’s geographical remit again, but thought this might be an interesting potential future use of technology in relation to rockart:

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Today’s Assyriology scholars study Sumerian and Babylonian cuneiform tablets with the help of digital photographs or handwritten copies of the texts, but ideally, they visit collections to see the tablets firsthand.

Technology could introduce a new way to connect researchers to these precious, unique artifacts by creating exact replicas.

Such an effort is under way at Cornell in the lab of Hod Lipson, associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering, who specializes in the burgeoning field of 3-D scanning and printing of everyday objects.

Natasha Gangjee ‘12, a student in Lipson’s lab, worked with six cuneiform tablets to try and replicate them exactly using optical scanning and layer-by-layer printing technology. A former student of Lipson’s, Evan Malone, made an initial prototype.

“If we can create very accurate reproductions, this would be a great help to us,” said David I. Owen, the Bernard and Jane Schapiro Professor of Ancient Near Eastern and Judaic Studies.

Tablets can be copied using latex molds, but this runs the risk of damaging the original, Owen said. The most important recent technological development in the field was digital photography; this allowed millions of ancient artifacts to become instantly available to scholars everywhere. But it is nothing like the real thing.

“With a photograph you can see a lot and that’s great, but oftentimes you can read even more if you can actually hold the tablet because of the angle of the light -- how it hits the signs can help you see it better,” added Alexandra Kleinerman ‘03, a postdoctoral associate working with Owen.

The collaboration started because Owen and Lipson are neighbors and friends. Hearing Owen talk about his research got Lipson thinking about how 3-D printing could contribute to Owen’s field. The challenge would be to find the right materials to color-match the tablets and give them an authentic feel, weight and texture.

Gangjee used a 3-D scanner in the lab to make files of each tablet. She then sent the files for fabrication at a ZCorp color 3-D printing service, averaging about $25 per tablet.

The first 3-D reproductions looked like the originals, but the smallest signs will require additional refinements before a completely accurate result is possible. Nevertheless, Lipson says they will continue with various techniques and may try using a CT scanner to improve performance.

Lipson thinks this is just one of a myriad of applications that these printers will bring to people’s lives when they become more available to the general public.

“We are basically taking two existing technologies, scanning and 3-D printing, and trying to use them in a new way,” Lipson said. “This will make tablet collections accessible to more scholars and students the world over.”

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news.cornell.edu/stories/May11/cuneiformCollab.html

Satellites using infra-red imaging are disclosing hidden archaeological treasures such as entire ancient Egyptian cities

Archaeologist Sarah Parcak says she has discovered thousands of ancient sites in Egypt, from pyramids to a detailed street plan of the city of Tanis, an A-to-Z of the region’s northern capital – all thanks to images from satellites orbiting 400 miles above the Earth. The infra-red pictures are capable of tracing structures buried deep in the sand. “It just shows us,” she adds, “how easy it is to underestimate both the size and scale of past human settlements.”

Parcak had studied at Cambridge and taught in Swansea before returning to the US, where she is now at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her special interest is analysing satellite images for unseen archaeological remains, and she’s on to a winner. In theory there’s not much you can see from a satellite that you can’t from an aeroplane – and with today’s technologies, there is a very great deal you can find from both. But in practice, the satellites, with publicly available image libraries, score in reduced cost and in reaching inaccessible areas, such as Egyptian deserts, Easter Island . . . and Wales.

Wales? In 2009 a stone-walled ancient fish trap was spotted on Google Earth in the Teifi estuary. The ancient landscape of Britain is laid out before us as never before. One of the first archaeological satellite studies showed prehistoric earthworks near Stonehenge; these had already been mapped, but we make real discoveries as we tour the globe.

In the near east and in Siberia, 3D images are helping to understand remote landscapes and archaeological sites. The roads on which the statues were moved across Easter Island have now been mapped. And in Peru vast ancient “geoglyphs” have been seen, land art in the form of animal shapes created when people moved earth and stones about. The last is a warning. Last year Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, a physicist in Turin, claimed to see birds and snakes outlined in the sinuous walls and field boundaries of ancient landscapes around Late Titicaca. These designs would never have been visible from the ground, and even from above require much faith as you pick along one wall and ignore many others to end up with a very wobbly looking fauna (mysteriously including a hedgehog).

Satellites are powerful tools. At the end of the day, though, you still need to get down on your knees before you can be really sure what you are seeing.

Mike Pitts is editor of British Archaeology.

guardian.co.uk/science/2011/may/25/satellites-uncover-ancient-past

Discover the Stonehenge Landscape

Tue 19 July 11.00–16.00

Discover the Stonehenge landscape with Neolithic expert and National Trust archaeologist Dr. Nick Snashall.

Join Nick on this day out to explore the Stonehenge landscape and find out about the latest exciting discoveries. This is part of the Festival of British Archaeology–look out for complementary walks running in the Avebury half of the World Heritage Site this week.

Meet at the Stonehenge car park (not NT) by the National Trust map panel on the grassy area of the main car park. A parking charge applies for non-members of English Heritage or the National Trust.Please dress for the weather and wear stout footwear. Bring a packed lunch and a drink. Access is by pedestrian and farm gates; terrain is mostly grassland with some trackways and is often uneven underfoot. Cattle and sheep graze the gently sloping downs.

Accompanied older children welcome – Young Archaeologist Club (YAC) members free. Dogs on leads welcome. All tickets £15

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Monuments of the Stonehenge Landscape

Thu 21 & Mon 25 July 18.30–21.00

Explore the monuments of the Stonehenge landscape with Sonia Heywood – you’ll soon discover that they’re much more than simple earthworks.

They have a 4,000 year history that tells us much about our past. Our four mile walk will take us on a journey from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. Part of the Festival of British Archaeology, this walk is run in partnership with Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum–accompanying artefact handling sessions are available at the museum. Places strictly limited.

Meeting at the Stonehenge car park (not NT) by the bright green National Trust information panel. A car parking charge applies for non-members of the Trust or English Heritage.

Dress for the weather and wear stout footwear. Bring sunscreen, a hat and a cooling drink, as there’s little shade up on the downs. Access is by pedestrian gates; most terrain is grassland, often uneven underfoot. Cattle and sheep graze the gently sloping downs. Please note, we may be crossing the A344 road, at your own risk. Accompanied children welcome–YACs free. Dogs on leads welcome.

This walk is run in partnership with Salisbury & South Wiltshire Museum–accompanying artefact handling sessions are available at the museum, priced £6, or £5 if booked alongside this walk. Children £1 (YACs free).

Contact the Museum on 01722 233151 or see www.salisburymuseum.org.uk for information and to book.

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Summer Landscape Walk

Wed 27 July 14.00–18.00

Discover the landscape, its archaeology – from prehistory to the last century – and its varied wildlife.

This is a walk of about three and a half miles around Stonehenge Down, the great henge of Durrington Walls, the route of the former military railway and King Barrow Ridge.

Meeting at the Stonehenge car park (not NT) by the National Trust map panel, on the grassy area of the main car park. A car parking charge applies for non-members of the Trust or English Heritage.

Dress for the weather and wear stout footwear. Bring sunscreen, a hat and a cooling drink, as there’s little shade up on the downs. Access is by pedestrian and farm gates; the terrain is mostly grassland and trackways, often uneven underfoot. Cattle and sheep graze the gently sloping downs.

Adults £4, children free. Accompanied children welcome, free. Dogs on leads welcome.

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Storywalking with the Ancients

Thu 28 July 18.30–20.30

Adventure through time with storyteller Lizzie Bryant, telling stories inspired by the Stonehenge landscape–from ancient mythic landforms to man-made earthworks. Hear exciting stories from times before Stonehenge to the time of the first aeroplanes taking flight.

Meet at the Stonehenge Car Park (not NT) by the National Trust map panel on the grassy area of the main car park.
Please dress suitably for adventuring across the open downs and fields.
We recommend sunscreen and you may like to bring a drink and a snack.
Access is by pedestrian and farm gates; terrain is mostly grassland with some trackways and is often uneven underfoot.
Cattle and sheep graze the gently sloping downs.

Adults £4, accompanied children welcome, free. Dogs on leads welcome.

For more details and to book any of the four events listed above.......

Location: Stonehenge car park SP4 7DE. Directions sent on booking.
Org: National Trust, Stonehenge Landscape
Name: Lucy
Tel: 01980 664780
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengelandscape

Mon 18 to Wed 20 July 09.00–12.00 & 18.00–21.00

Six guided walks from Durrington Walls to Stonehenge with a focus on photographing the archaeology we encounter.

These guided walks will explore the landscape around Stonehenge while taking photographs of the monuments en route. We will begin at Durrington Walls and walk via the eastern end of the Stonehenge Cursus and King’s Barrow Ridge to meet the Avenue where we will then walk towards Stonehenge. The walk will take you on a journey through Stonehenge’s prehistoric landscape to approach the stones along the same route as Neolithic worshippers.

There will be plenty of opportunities to photograph along the way with tips on composition and light. No experience of photography is needed and any type of camera can be used. Please bring your camera, suitable walking clothes and boots, drink and snack. Spaces are limited on each walk so that each member of the group will have plenty of opportunity for questions and photographic advice.

Free, please book.

Location: Woodhenge car park. Wilts & Dorset services 5, 6 & 16. 1.5 miles north of Amesbury, signposted off the A345 immediately south of Durrington.

Org: inHeritage
Name: Bill Bevan
Tel: 0114 2345411
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.billbevanphotography.co.uk

“Fractured human remains found on a German river bank could provide the first compelling evidence of a major Bronze Age battle.

Archaeological excavations of the Tollense Valley in northern Germany unearthed fractured skulls, wooden clubs and horse remains dating from around 1200 BC.

The injuries to the skulls suggest face-to-face combat in a battle perhaps fought between warring tribes, say the researchers.”

Full story-

bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13469861

Sat 23 July 11.00–16.00

Celebrate HLF project ‘Celts and Romans in North Wiltshire’: tours of Barbury Castle, storytelling, hands-on activities.
Find out about Truckle Hill and the Chiseldon Cauldrons. …

With funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund Wessex Archaeology has been working with community volunteers involved in the excavation of the Truckle Hill Roman Bath-House and the investigation of the Chiseldon Horde of Iron Age Cauldrons to engage more people in the Iron Age and Roman Heritage of North Wiltshire. As the project comes to an end we would like to share everything we’ve learned about this fascinating archaeology with you through a day of family fun.

During the day you can take a tour of Barbury Castle, create Celtic and Roman themed arts and crafts, listen to storytelling, and explore these amazing sites through hands-on activities and displays.

Location: Barbury Castle County Park, Wroughton, Swindon. Barbury Castle Country Park is south-west of Chiseldon. From M4 Junction 15, follow the A346 towards Marlborough until you see signs for ‘Chiseldon’. Then follow the signs for ‘Barbury Castle’.The nearest rail link to Barbury Castle is Swindon.
From Swindon bus # 71 or 73 can be taken to within the vicinity of Barbury Castle. The walk to the park is about one mile and uphill.

Org: Wessex Archaeology
Name: Allison Marcucci
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.wessexarch.co.uk/projects/celts-and-romans-in-north-wiltshire

Work has started to excavate three Bronze Age burial mounds on Golden Cap in Dorset.
The 4,000 year old mounds are at risk from coastal erosion...........

see more at -

bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-13439553

This years RAM (Rock Art Meeting) has been arranged for Sunday June 5th at Lordenshaw. Northumberland.

Lordenshaw is just to the south of Rothbury in Northumberland (see a detailed map Here and then zoom out for road directions etc). There is a good sized car park (shown on map) on the minor road nearest the rock carvings and we will meet up there at 10.30AM.

This is a very informal meet so just bring the usual things like boots, waterproofs, camera and something to eat and we will see who turns up on the day. We plan to take a look at a selection of the carved rocks, cairns and the “hill fort/settlement” etc. The location of the Lordenshaw carved rocks on the ridge leading up towards Simonside Hill (defined as a sacred hill on TMA) might us give some food for thought.

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Update

Some readers will be aware that Jan Brouwer passed away on the 25th April 2011, after suffering a serious illness. It was Jan who established the annual rock art meetings as a result of his deep interest in British prehistoric rock carvings. This interest led to regular field trips from his native Holland in order to study the carvings first hand and these visits also created the opportunity for people to meet up with Jan and take a look at some of the rock carvings in a particular location.

Obviously things have changed with Jan’s passing and it would be easy just to cancel this years RAM given the circumstances. However Jan indicated that he would like the RAM to go ahead and picked out a photo to go with the RAM details posted on his British rock art Blog (link). So a few of us will still be meeting up at Lordenshaw on June 5th, to remember Jan and take a look at some of the ancient rock carvings that so fascinated him.

Marden Henge: Another Talk by Dr. Jim Leary

Friday 10 June 2011 20:00

Coronation Hall – Alton Barnes

A lecture by Jim Leary, English Heritage.
Learn about the henges at Marden, the oldest known house in the Pewsey Vale, and what happened to the Hatfield Barrow

Booking: No booking necessary, payable on the door

Cost: £4.00; Senior Citizens and Students £3.00; payable on the door

Maybe not within the TMA remit geographically speaking, but still interesting:

“Some images date to 5,000 years ago, but no one is sure what they mean

An archaeological team in the Bayuda Desert in northern Sudan has discovered dozens of new rock art drawings, some of which were etched more than 5,000 years ago and reveal scenes that scientists can’t explain.

The team discovered 15 new rock art sites in an arid valley known as Wadi Abu Dom, some 18 miles from the Nile River. It’s an arid valley that flows with water only during rainy periods. Many of the drawings were carved into the rock faces — no paint was used — of small stream beds known as “khors” that flow into the valley.

Some of the sites revealed just a single drawing while others have up to 30, said lead researcher Tim Karberg of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster in Germany.

“We asked the local people about the rock art and they said that it would be very old, before their grandfathers,” Karberg told LiveScience.”

Full article: msnbc.msn.com/id/43049629/ns/technology_and_science-science/

Lovely article in the Guardian today by Hugh Thomson about ‘The Great Stones Way’ walk

A new walking path links Britain’s two greatest prehistoric sites, Avebury and Stonehenge, and is as epic as the Inca Trail.

The Great Stones Way is one of those ideas so obvious it seems amazing that no one has thought of it before: a 38-mile walking trail to link England’s two greatest prehistoric sites, Avebury and Stonehenge, crossing a landscape covered with Neolithic monuments.

But like any project involving the English countryside, it’s not as straightforward as it might seem. The steering group has had to secure permission from landowners and the MoD, who use much of Salisbury Plain for training. They hope to have the whole trail open within a year, but for now are trialling a 14-mile southern stretch, having secured agreement from the MoD and parish councils. The “Plain & Avon” section leads from the iron age hill fort of Casterley Camp on Salisbury Plain down the Avon valley to Stonehenge. Walkers are being encouraged to test the route, and detailed directions can be found on the Friends of the Ridgeway website.

It’s an area all but the boldest have avoided: negotiating the MoD areas needed careful planning. Few walkers come here and not a single garage or shop along the Avon valley sells local maps. The Great Stones Way should change that.

What makes the prospect of the Great Stones Way so exciting is the sense that for more than a millennium, between around 3000 and 2000BC, the area it crosses was the scene of frenzied Neolithic building activity, with henges, burial barrows and processional avenues criss-crossing the route.

At Casterley Camp, high on Salisbury Plain, it takes me a while to realise what is strange about the landscape, as wild and empty as anywhere in southern England, and with a large burial mound directly ahead. Then it hits me: this is perfect high grazing country, but there’s not a single sheep. Maybe they have read the MoD notice which points out that “’projectile’ means any shot or shell or other missile or any portion thereof”, and that over much of what you can see you’re liable to be hit by one. You can also be arrested without a warrant. But the trail cleverly and legally threads its way past the firing ranges towards a delightful and ancient droving road that plunges down between cow parsley to an old farm.
Read the full article here ..

guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/may/14/stonehenge-avebury-great-stones-way-walking-trail

ridgewayfriends.org.uk/

Avebury farmer not happy that the field next to Silbury is the focus of the this year’s crop circle season – again.

gazetteandherald.co.uk/news/9021983.Last_straw_for_Avebury_farmer/

ahgphotography.photium.com/news40256.html

Just been notified of this by the good people of the Peak District tourism dept...

Not sure if i can get there but it looks worth a visit..

..Good on you Kosmik Ken!

Why are there ten times as many ancient entrance graves on the Isles of Scilly as there are in the whole of the Cornish mainland and what treasures are still to be found in the waters around the archipelago?

These and a host of other puzzles will be under discussion as part of a six-year research programme looking into every aspect of Scillonian history.

Led by Charlie Johns, the senior archaeologist for historic environment projects at Cornwall Council, the aim is to create an academic assessment of the islands and create a strategy to ensure historic sites and artefacts are properly protected.

Mr Johns, who has been studying the history of the Isles of Scilly for more than 20 years, is holding a public information day at the Isles of Scilly Museum in Hugh Town today, when local people are invited to find out more about the project.

“This is a very important development because it will identify gaps in our knowledge about the Islands’ historic environment and guide the direction of future research,” he said. “We hope to involve interested local people in this process so that there is a sense of community ownership of the research framework.”

Work has already begun on the preparation of a Research Framework for the Historic Environment of the Isles of Scilly (SHERF), which was commissioned by English Heritage.

Mr Johns explained that although there is a research framework for the wider South West region, Cornwall Council and the Council of the Isles of Scilly felt that because the islands were a separate entity they needed special treatment.

“There are three stages of the project, the first being to gather what is already known and to identify the gaps. This is where the knowledge and assistance of local people will be invaluable. We are also receiving voluntary contributions from around 30 academics from all over the country.”

All aspects of Scilly’s past will be studied, from its buildings to marine archaeology, the Civil War to family history, seafaring and farming.

He added that the programme is considered important because although much of the islands’ history is documented, a great deal is not. Victorian amateurs taking holidays there simply dug up graves and extracted their contents with little regard for proper identification or preservation.Consequently many important finds are scattered or lost. Isles of Scilly Museum, the Royal Cornwall Museum at Truro and Penlee House in Penzance have good collections, but the location of many more items is not known.

It is hoped to complete a draft plan in time for a seminar in Exeter during the autumn, which will lead to the creation of a research strategy likely to last for five years.

thisisdevon.co.uk/comment/Solving-myriad-mysteries-archipelago-s-sunken-landscape/article-3541757-detail/article.html

The annual Megalithomania Conference is back in Glastonbury in 2011 with an incredible line-up of international authors, visionaries and antiquarians, all asking the question – What were the ancients up to? With two full days of talks and debates covering all aspects of the megalithic arts and sciences..the conference promises to leave no stone unturned.

Get your ticket for only £85 on megalithomania.co.uk , or on the door. Local Megalithomaniacs can drop in and buy tickets for individual talks on the door for £7 each or browse the Megalitho-Market downstairs at The Assembly Rooms, where numerous stalls will be selling their wares and you can meet the speakers to get your books signed.

If you can’t make it to these events, you can tune in online to catch all of the above LIVE for less than half the ticket price, with extra interviews and footage that only you can watch on your computer! Sign-up on megalithomania.co.uk

“Paintings depicting horses and human hands made by prehistoric humans around 25,000 years ago have been discovered in a cave in northern Spain, regional officials said on Wednesday.

The red paintings, found by chance by archaeologists looking for signs of ancient settlements, were made around the same time as the Altamira Cave paintings -- some of the world’s best prehistoric paintings discovered in northern Spain in 1879.

“It was a chance finding,” archaeologist Diego Garate told Reuters.

“Although they were difficult to spot because they are badly deteriorated, our experienced eye helped us to identify them.”

Experts will further explore the caves for evidence of prehistoric utensils or tools, officials said.

The first homo sapiens arrived in small groups in northern Spain around 35,000 years ago.

They cohabited for a time with the last of the Neanderthals and then developed a significant culture known as the Upper Palaeolithic, producing stone blade tools and decorating cave walls.”

uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/04/arts-us-spain-caves-idUKTRE7436P520110504

“At the end of 2009, an exciting discovery was made on the Mount when parts of an axe-head, dagger and intact metal clasp were found. The British Museum has confirmed these dating back to the Bronze Age and this extraordinary find – evidence of life on the Mount for three millennia – will go on display in the castle this Spring.”

stmichaelsmount.co.uk/Plan-your-visit.aspx

“We are testing the timetables for the service, and for the first few weeks we will be making constant changes. Please check here each week for confirmation of the timetable that we will be operating each weekend.”

More: stonehenge-avebury-bus.org.uk/timetable

Sigurd brings us up to date after 360 Production left us hanging orkneyjar.com/archaeology/?p=710

A SPRING “Moonwatch” is being held at the Rollright Stones near Chipping Norton on Saturday.

The Moonwatch 2011 is being held by Chipping Norton Amateur Astronomy Group at the ancient stone circle from midday.

There will be displays of telescopes, astronomers to talk to, a display of model rockets by the Black Knights Rocket Society and a children’s drawing competition.

At sunset there will be a talk by George Lambrick, head of the Rollright Trust, about the ancient monuments, a short talk about the night sky and , if conditions allow, an evening of star, Moon and planet observing through a wide range of powerful telescopes until midnight.

For further information visit cnaag.com or phone 07900 858 690.

cotswoldjournal.co.uk/news/9003919.Moon_watch_to_be_held_at_ancient_stone_circle/

cornisharchaeology.org.uk/index_htm_files/Rough%20ground%20volumes%20-%20flyer.pdf

Two new books are to be released this month by the Cornwall Historic Enviroment team. One looks at the landscape and archaeology of the West Penwith moors whilst the other may raise a few eyebrows here..its about managing the landscape in the far west. Cows and stones...do they mix?