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>Earlier archaeologists maintained that everything came to Britain from the east by waves of migrations. Then that theory was rubbished and we were told of parallel but unconnected development and then the current one of diffusionism. Reputations are made and lost as theories come and go and sometimes even the most respected archaeologists are selective about evidence if they wish to protect their own theory or attack that of a rival.<

I tend to agree with you Peter (that archaeologists are sometimes selective about there evidence) but I'm still trying to grasp your perception of the 'Celts'. Perhaps you could outline for me just who... no, let's not go down that route... perhaps you could outline for me just <i>how</i> you see the influence of these people (people we now casually call the Celts) on the indigenous population of these islands when the former started arriving here - given that "...their advanced computations, their astronomy and 'speculation from the stars'..." had not only impressed the classical world but, more interestingly, was coming into contact with the equally imposing (possibly older) megalithic culture(s) of these islands?

In other words, if I may quote you again, "Forget national boundaries - they didn't exist." If national boundaries didn't exist (and again I tend to agree with you) might it not be reasonable to assume that cultural boundaries (in 'Europe' at this time) where also fluid and that it's not really relevant to talk in terms of foreign (as in foreign-cultural) invasions. A parallel may be drawn from a later stage in history when the northern Germanic tribes were 'on the move' - they may have come here form Saxony and Scandinavia but they shared much the same culture and much the same language.

Likewise I suspect that the 'Celts' in these islands and the people before them were all much of a muchness and it's hardly worth drawing distinctions.

I cannot answer your question about "who these people were and when they started to arrive here" because that is precisly the issue of real controversy and uncertainty. Frances Prior would have us believe that the people of Britain were always here ever since there was a land bridge and the ice receded. Others have pushed the idea of waves of Neolithic farmers, Beaker people and then Iron Age Celts. All coming over in droves and all with superior technology. I don't believe in black and white. The Anglo-Saxon mass replacement and extermination of the "Celts" is also now seen to be greatly exaggerated. Prior of coures takes an extreme view and seems to think that there were three boatloads of Saxons and then all the Romano Brits fell over themselves to build grubenhausen, learn English and invent Germanic genealogies. Its even been suggested that Sutton Hoo was the grave of a British (Celtic if you prefer) leader who had Germanic pretensions. Daft - but that is exactly what the Britons of Colchester did BEFORE the Roman invasion of 43AD (see the Roman grave goods in the pre-Roman Lexden tumulus.)

Prior had genuine pause for thought when it turned out that the Amesbury Archer was from the Alps. The pattern of settlement and migrations will become clearer when results from the major new DNA research programme come through. Ditto - data from tooth enamel when sufficient remains have been scanned. Old theories which depend more on faith and wishful thinking will be modified and some will be painful. Diffusion means a largely stable population with ideas being introduced and spreading through trade and teaching. Ideas can go from west to east as well as assuming that every innovaion came from east to west through invasion and mass folk migrations - another old chestnut to discard.

"Celts" is a convenient but inaccurate label that will die hard. If today, we in England speak a language related to that spoken in Germany, and we buy Volksagens and BMWs - does that make us German? So it was - we had a language similarity with the people who made the gorgeous Halstatt art work. We imported some and then we copied them and made weapons, mirrors etc in the same style, but WE didn't become THEM.

Go take a look at Simon James - he tells it better than I can:
http://www.ares.u-net.com/celthome.htm

Time for a bacon sandwich and a dip in the Avebury moat!