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I agree, it must always be stressed that evolution has no goals, no concept of progress or a destination. It's probably the most common misconception regarding evolution by natural selection.

I have to disagree though with the assessments of the linked article, for example he does not put Steven Pinkers quotes in proper context, criticising them under a different context. Pinker was demonstrating that the decrease of violence can be viewed on many scales, over decades, centuries and millenia. The examples were to show a trend over these scales, he was not saying that higher violence in the middle ages means ipso facto, higher violence even earlier, just points along a general trend. In fact, it would be good to let Pinker explain himself here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ramBFRt1Uzk

He also doesn't acknowledge that Keeley did in fact study the archaeology of the upper paleolithic.

He later asserts that Keeley didn't combine 'domestic' violence, murder and crime, with war casualties, Pinker does just that and the figures are still dwarfed as the video shows.

There are more indicators than the anthropological evidence that he does not address, for instance the marked thinning of the human skull would demonstrate that the threat of violent attack began decreasing slowly over thousands of years. On a more lurid note, DNA analysis undertaken to assess the risk of Mad Cow disease among human populations shows that cannibalism was so prevalent thousands of years ago that it has left the same genetic signature in all human populations (a resistance to diseases caused by consumption of human brain), thus it must have been selected for in Africa before the modern human dispersal. There is one exception, the Japanese, who lost the original and developed their own resistance after thousands of years of isolation. People don't generally offer themselves up for dinner so this does imply very significant and widespread violence and warfare.

His retort on the extinction of the megafauna is pretty limited, I dont see any references to the giant mammals of Australia and New Zealand that seemingly packed up and left after the arrival of humans, neither does he explain why the only megafauna that survive today are the ones that evolved and were under heavy selective pressures alongside humans for most of our history (and thus were more wary of our ways than the animals and birds on continents that had not had a human presence during their evolution).

I think people should read carefully the material being criticised before making a judgement, or for more concise accounts to the contrary, Jared Diamond's 'Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee' (esp. Chapter 17 'The Golden Age that Never Was) is first rate (and Jared is well known for considering the rise of agriculture as being humanities worst mistake) as is Nicholas Wade's 'Before the Dawn'.

Hmm - looks like I've got some reading to catch up on. I follow the Australian aborigines in the newspapers and am informed by that. I also claim to be British indigenous - and could survive out there, with little, just. I think the goal of evolution is fitness - perhaps we will now have to evolve thicker skulls again, and look back on the few decades, just past, as Golden Age. Happy Full Moon!

CianMcLiam wrote:
Pinker ... was not saying that higher violence in the middle ages means ipso facto, higher violence even earlier, just points along a general trend. In fact, it would be good to let Pinker explain himself here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ramBFRt1Uzk
Thanks for the link!

My problem with this talk is that he sets things up to explicitly argue against the idea that the pre-agricultural world was more harmonious, but the bulk of his arguments are about how things were worse in earlier agricultural times than now.

Godesky (on anthropik.com) states that "Keeley ignores the systematic violence of civilization: he lumps together all occasions of violence in 'primitive' societies, and compares them to our own wars, or our own homicide rates, but never the combination." Pinker's using Keeley's numbers, titles it "warfare" on the slide, but says it's about the rather different event of dying at the hands of another man. I'd have to research Keeley in more depth to judge what's going on here, but someone's not painting the picture true.

In any case, Pinker doesn't address the entirely dodgy nature of extrapolating these selective stats from contemporary hunter-gatherers to prehistory. I've been criticized a lot (sometimes rightly) for taking anthropological evidence about shamanic motifs and using them to interpret prehistoric art and monuments. I still think there's some use for this, but you need to be really careful.

Pinker is pretty careless. To use such contemporary figures - from, as Godesky has it, "post-apocalyptic" indigenous cultures, warped in some way at least by contact with agricultural societies - to be so categorical about the past is pretty suspect.

The evidence that we're not as barbaric as we were a millennia or two ago is pretty compelling. I just don't like the way this evidence is implicitly used to bolster the "general trend away from violence" argument that he uses to basically say hunter-gatherers are the worst of the worst.

Maybe the past few centuries have been about adjusting a bit to the catastrophic impact that agriculture had on human life?

Of course a lot of the advances of the past few centuries have been built on technological advances. But for a century or so general violence may well have been decreasing as there's plenty of cheap energy to go around. We fight over it still, but there's been plenty. As fossil fuels decline, the idea of an inexorable march towards peace might be challenged. Another can of worms there! But it's worth bearing in mind that if large scales of history are part of your argument, you have to take into account the fact that the story's not over yet - just to temper any arrogant, too-bold conclusions.

Some interesting points against Godesky's stuff. If you're bothered I'd recommend searching his site for his responses (he's usually quite thorough) and posting them in his comments if he's not addressed them...