Stone Age Columbus

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They will be even more reluctant if it can be shown that they were not the ONLY First Nation

Bucky will expand on this no doubt but all these speculations are a political powder keg for the rights and claims of Native Americans.

Powder keg - yes indeed which is unfortunate for all sorts of reasons. Chatting to Aluta, she tells me of the deplorable "red neck" attitude to North American prehistory " Its only Indian stuff" and "Bulldoze the lot - you can pick up Indian arrowheads anywhere"

In a weird sort of way, perhaps the American authorities - local and national - may give more respect to ancient sites if they think they can prove that white "Europeans" got there first or at the same time. Sad and mad, but it won't be the first time racism and politics have distorted and destroyed archaeology. The Chinese are or were pretty hostile to the discovery of the graves of caucasian horse riding warrior women in western China. The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe just had to have been built by Phoenicians rather than black Africans. So it is with the stone structures of the Oley Hills. The bigots declare that they must be European root cellars because "Injuns jest cain't build in stone" - they obviously haven't seen the pueblos of the south-west or the fantastic cities and pyramids of Mexico.

>...all these speculations are a political powder keg for the rights and claims of Native Americans.<

You're probably right Nigel but we might take heart from the words of Dr Joallyn Archambault of the American Indian Programme of the Smithsonian Institute when she says, "Venturing across huge bodies of water is a clear demonstration of the courage and creativity of the Native Americans' ancestors."

In the end we are one.

My perspective is different. For one thing, the native people here vary in looks. The early Europeans who arrived where I live described the people as appearing rather European in features, comparing them to Italians (except for the deep bear-fat induced tans), if I remember correctly. Across the continent the languages vary as much as they do across Europe, some say as much as they do across the Eurasian continent.

And all of these people were native Americans, not just those who appear Asian. By the time of Columbus, strains were mixed. Places like the earthworks at Chilicothe, Ohio show that trade and travel brought together people from widely separated parts of the continent. Evidence, if it's there, of some Europeans and something like Kenniwick Man show that the ancient people were a various people. Kenniwick Man was certainly native American in the truest sense--he lived here--and his genes or the genes of those like him may be spread throughout the native peoples here.

The illusion that the native people here were one people is utterly false, but that illusion is sustained by the mingling of all groups at powwows and gatherings over the past two hundred or so years and, especially on the east coast, mingling of Europeans with lingering natives, who often, tellingly, passed as European descendents themselves as they learned European customs and language.